Test Angular's $valid and $pristine states with Jasmine

I have a Jasmine test that is not liking the use of $pristine and $valid within my controller and outputs the following error:

TypeError: 'scope[...].$pristine' is null or not an object

The test initiating this error is below:

it('should validate values correctly', function () {
    var scp = ngElement.scope();

    var tests = [
        {
            valid: true,
            validationOptions: {
                required: true
            },
            value: '1'
        }
    ];

    $.each(tests, function (testIndex, testItem) {
        scp.name = 'test';
        scp.value = testItem.value;
        $.each(testItem.validationOptions, function (itemKey, itemValue) {
            scp[itemKey] = itemValue;
        });
        scp.change();
        expect(scp.valid).toBe(testItem.valid);
    });
});

The function in the controller with the $pristine and $valid states is below:

    // Field change behaviours
    scope.change = function () {
        validate();
        ...
    };

    // Field level validation function
    function validate () {
        // If the field does not have a value and is pristine, scope.valid is undefined.
        // Otherwise the field is validated
        if ((!scope.value || scope.value.length === 0) && scope[scope.name].$pristine) scope.valid = undefined;
        else scope.valid = scope[scope.name].$valid;

        ...
    }